How Beyond Budgeting Model Can Overcome Traditional Budgeting's Dissertation

How Beyond Budgeting Model Can Overcome Traditional Budgeting's Criticisms and whether it's the Way to Forward to Adaptive Mana - Dissertation Example decentralised teams 26 2.6.3 Performance measurement 26 2.7 Changes in the Organisation with the adaptation of Beyond Budgeting 28 2.8. Summary 32 3.0. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Research Overview 33 3.3 Research Philosophy 34 3.4 Research Approach 34 3.5 Research Methods 35 3.6 Research Strategy 36 3.7 Research Design 36 3.8 Data Collection Method 37 3.9 Data Collection Method 37 3.10 Analysis Method 37 3.10 Reliability of Research 38 3.11 Limitations 38 3.12 Summary 39 4.0 FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS 40 4.1 Introduction 40 4.2 Case Analysis 40 4.2.1 American Express 40 4.2.2 Case Analysis of Aldi 44 4.2.3 Case Analysis of UBS Wealth Management and Business Banking 45 4.2.4 Case Analysis of Guardian Industries Corporation 46 4.2.5 Case Analysis of SpareBank 1 54 4.3 Summary 61 5.0 DISCUSSION 62 6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 68 6.1 Conclusion 68 6.2 Recommendations: 72 7. List of References 73 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview Budgeting is one of the most important tool s for managers and it has been regarded as the cornerstone of the management accounting system by Hasnen, Otley, and Stede (2003). Budgeting is a tool that is used by mangers as a blueprint for their future actions. Budgeting is used by organisations to analyse how the firm is performing and how it is expected to perform in the time to come. In some organisations, this tool is also known as the annual planning process. Budgeting has been one of the most commonly used methods by managers and it has been used in different parts of the world. However, with the passage of time there have been several discrepancies and inconsistencies found in the budgeting process and traditional methods used by managers for budgeting and this has raised questions regarding the reliability and effectiveness of budgeting process (Ostergren and Stensaker, 2011). One of the major purposes of budgeting is that it allows the company to analyse how it is able to achieve and meet its objectives. With proper an d effective use of budgeting techniques, an organisation is able to improve its profits and reduce its unnecessary expenses. There can be different purposes for using budgeting and some of the most important purposes of using budgeting techniques include: forecasting financial statements, controlling costs and expenses, managing and predicting cash flows, resource planning, communication plans etc (Becker, Messner, and Schaffer, 2010). Organisations may use budgeting for more than one of these above reasons and it is up to the management how they adopt these techniques as there have been several firms that have adapted and have achieved benefits of using these techniques. Besides the advantages and benefits that budgeting techniques offer, these techniques have several limitations that limit and reduce the importance of such techniques. Organisations have been planning to improve these techniques and therefore there has been sufficient research on this topic (Linder and Weber, 2005) . Budgeting techniques are not only used for one department or one product that the company is offering. With the use of budgeting technique an organisation is able to identify the cash inflows and outflows from different departments or products that the company offers. By using these data, the management can be able to better analyse the situation and take decisions accordingly. Therefore it has been used by management as a planning tool for years (Drury, 2008). 1.2 Background The traditional budgeting approach is a combination top down and bottom up

Auditing Essay Example for Free

Auditing Essay Course Texts: Prentice Hall – Auditing and Assurance Services – An Integrated Approach 15th edition. Arens/Elder/Beasley (Required) Please bring your textbook to each class session Class Hours: Monday / Wednesday 8:30 9:50 a.m. 119 Eppley Center Monday / Wednesday 10:20 11:40 a.m. 119 Eppley Center Monday / Wednesday 12:40 2:00 p.m. 119 Eppley Center Office Hours: Monday 2:30 – 4:00 p.m., N227 BCC Wednesday 2:30 – 4:00 p.m., N227 BCC Other hours available by appointment (please contact me to arrange an appointment.) During the week I check email constantly and am highly responsive. This is often times the best way to get a quick response. I can make individual appointments to meet with you during times when I am on campus if you want a one-on-one appointment to discuss grades and other more confidential matters. Our course consultant will be available on a regular basis for detailed material/grading questions. Course Consultant: John Kure ([emailprotected]) In addition to my office hours, John will be accessible to meet with you during the course. He will be available to answer your questions about grading as well as to provide advising and consultation regarding other  course-related matters at the following times: TBD Course Web Page: The course has a web page in Desire2Learn, and you should check it often. The course consultant and I will use this site to communicate with the class periodically during the semester. The page will also include a number of assignments and other relevant and important course materials. We plan to track your grades using the Gradebook feature on this site. POLICIES FOR CONDUCT OF THE COURSE 1. BROAD OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE The overall objective of this course is to help each student obtain the skills, knowledge, and attitude to maximize the likelihood of practicing successfully after graduation. This overall objective is to: Aid in preparing you for the auditing section of the CPA exam. Develop technical and application auditing skills, including evidence accumulation and workpaper documentation. Practice communication skills in the context of auditing practice. Learn about a business approach to auditing which emphasizes relevance of general business and environmental knowledge awareness. Develop professional judgment in materiality and risk assessment, in ethical conduct, in the application of generally accepted auditing standards, and in the determination of sufficient competent evidential matter. 2.SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES This course is intended to be an introduction to the audit process and the role of auditing in organizations and in financial markets. It will not make you an auditor – that comes only with extensive experience – and it will not specifically prepare you for the auditing section of professional exams (e.g., CPA, CIA, etc.). However, the course should provide you with the basic knowledge so that, with additional self-study or by taking a review course, you will pass the auditing components of those exams. We will be studying the following topics, with the objective of gaining a sufficient understanding of each to enable you to apply, evaluate, and use them throughout your career: Demand for audits and attestations. Audit risk model. Concept of materiality. Assessing inherent risk. Assessing control risk. Audit evidence: a) planning. b) the role of sample evidence. c) evidence collection. d) evidence evaluation. Reporting requirements. Quality assurance of the audit process. Auditing environment: a) professionalism and self regulation. b) external regulation. 3.CLASS FORMAT Auditing is a challenging and demanding profession. To provide coverage of a significant amount of material and to allow for active learning, the class meetings will be held assuming you have read the assigned material prior to class and are prepared to contribute to class discussions every session. The textbook and readings should give you a fundamental understanding of the topic before we discuss it in class. Please feel free to raise any questions you have about the material before, during, or after class. Class meetings will consist of a combination of lecture, open discussion, and a number of active learning opportunities. Meeting time will allow for discussion of current topics and student questions and concerns. Additionally, time will be spent on active learning opportunities that  include, but are not limited to, homework problems, in-class group assignments, case studies, quizzes, and exams. 4.REQUIRED COURSE MATERIALS You will need to purchase the textbook as described above under Course Text. Previously used packages may not contain the required problems and/or worksheets. Case work will be provided in your book or by instructor. No purchase is necessary for case work. 5. GRADING Final grades will be based upon your points earned in relation to the total points available. Some of these points will be awarded based on your individual performance on exams. However, since auditing is a team effort in the real world, you will be organized into teams of 3 or 4 for some group assignments. Group members are expected to be conscientious and fully committed to sharing group work. Upon agreement of the other group members, and after meeting with me, a group member who is not adequately participating may be removed from the group. That person will then be required to complete the group assignments individually, and I will reserve the right to penalize project points equal to one letter grade. Total points will be distributed as follows: Grading Scale: The final grade for this course will be based upon a curve. (No particular accumulation of points constitutes a 4.0 or a 2.0 for example.) This is a competitive grading scale based course. QUIZZES You will be given 5 in-class quizzes during the semester. Each quiz is worth 10 points. The quizzes may consist of true/false questions, multiple-choice questions, and/or matching. Quizzes will begin promptly at the beginning of class. Latecomers will NOT be given extra time. Absentees will NOT be given make-ups, except in certain PRE-APPROVED, school-related instances. Quizzes cannot be made up after the fact for any circumstance. Your lowest quiz grade will be dropped at the end of the semester. WRITING ASSIGNMENTS You will be asked to complete 5 in-class writing assignments throughout the semester. Each writing assignment is worth 10 points. The writing assignments will be graded based on effort. These in-class writing assignments may be done at the beginning of class to lead us into discussion of a certain topic, or they may be done at the end of class to help me assess your understanding of material/case study that we have covered in class or they may take place during the class in groups to stimulate discussion. Your lowest in-class writing assignment grade will be dropped at the end of the semester. GROUP PROJECT You will work in groups of 4-5 to complete a group project. Details about the project assignment will be given mid-semester, and work on the project should be on-going throughout the remainder of the semester. The project will be worth a total of 40 points. EXAMS Three exams will be given during regular class time. Makeup exams will not be given unless extraordinary circumstances are involved. To the extent it is possible, you will be expected to notify me before the scheduled exam if an extraordinary circumstance exists. Exams will be composed of some combination of multiple-choice questions and short answer non-multiple-choice questions, patterned after the auditing portion of the CPA examination. The exams are designed and graded to evaluate your understanding of the auditing concepts and your ability to communicate the results of your analysis of the textbook, class projects, homework assignments, and any class discussion. Homework Although not assigned graded points, the suggested homework problems can be helpful to ensure your understanding of the material. You may visit the course consultant’s office hours to see solutions to these problems if you would like to tackle this extra work. 6.POINTS OF EMPHASIS Academic Honesty and Integrity You are responsible for adhering to the University guidelines on Academic Honesty and Integrity and to The Eli Broad College of Business Undergraduate Honor Code, available in its entirety at http://www.bus.msu.edu/information/news.cfm?newsid=767. According to the Code, it â€Å"applies to all undergraduate students enrolled in the College or  in any course sponsored by the College.† Thus, as a student in ACC 411, you are required to review, comprehend, and abide by the Code. The penalties for a violation of the University guidelines and/or the Code can be quite severe. Unless explicitly indicated otherwise, all graded assignments are expected to be the result of your original work. Academic dishonesty will be dealt with in the harshest manner available within the University or College guidelines. Should you have any questions about this policy, please see me immediately. Quality and Neatness of Work All work submitted in this class is subject to a penalty for sloppy presentation, poor writing, and other characteristics which detract from the professionalism expected from auditors. ACC 411 is an upper level course for accounting majors, and it is possible that it will be the only course you take related to auditing prior to starting your professional career. As such, I expect your work to reflect your preparation for professional careers. Participation and Other Classroom Considerations Participation and attendance are considered highly important in this class. I will not take attendance each day; however your attendance and participation will be noted and taken into account. I do expect that if you attend class you will be present for the entire class. I will consider tardiness, early departures and use of electronic devices when calculating your attendance, participation and professionalism score. If you will be late to the start of class or need to depart early, please let me know ahead of time as a courtesy. Religious Holidays I respect religious observances and have made allowances in the syllabus to  ensure that students are not penalized for missing some class days (i.e., I count the top 4 of 5 quizzes/writing assignments). However, please notify me at the beginning of the semester if you expect a conflict on exam days. Final Exam Per the University’s Final Exam Policy: A student absent from a final examination without a satisfactory explanation will receive a grade of 0.0 on the numerical system, NC on the CR-NC system, or N in the case of a course authorized for grading on the P-N system. Students unable to take a final examination because of illness or other reason over which they have no control should notify the associate deans of their colleges immediately. Social Media As members of a learning community, students are expected to respect the intellectual property of course instructors. All course materials presented to students are the copyrighted property of the course instructor and are subject to the following conditions of use: 1. Students may record lectures or any other classroom activities and use the recordings only for their own course-related purposes. 2. Students may not share the recordings with other students enrolled in the class. Sharing is limited to using the recordings only for their own course-related purposes. 3. Students may not post the recordings or other course materials online or distribute them to anyone not enrolled in the class without the advance written permission of the course instructor and, if applicable, any students whose voice or image is included in the recordings. 4. Any student violating the conditions described above may face academic disciplinary sanctions.

The Case Study Concerning Joelle Essay -- Business Ethics

Ethics plays a very important role in one social system and basically on how the people will make their actions or decide on a particular thing on whether it is the right or the wrong thing. Ethical consideration is very important. It helps a person or a group of person understands whether the actions are right or wrong. Ethics is a very critical factor most especially when considering where the ethical standards are to applied. Aside from it, weighing results of actions or decision is also another major concern because of the fact that a person has critically analyze whose side is needed to satisfied. There are instances that moral obligations are also considered, in which moral is defined as a universal accepted personal human behavior that allows a person to decide whether an action or decision is good or bad. In the case of Joelle, this study will significantly identify the different ethical principles that can be applied in the case. In addition to it, the study will also arrive in one ethical theory that Joelle can be applied in her situation in order for her to effectively determine what she will do and if her decision and action can be considered ethical or the right thing. UTILITARIANISM Utilitarianism is an ethical theory in which determining the rightness or wrongness of action or decision is based on determining whether the greatest benefit or happiness will be provided in the highest or greatest number of population. This simply means that action or decision must be based on the highest amount or number of beneficiary (Martineau, 2006). However, this ethical theory has two major types. First is the â€Å"act utilitarianism† and second is the â€Å"rule utilitarianism.† Act utilitarianism specifically adh... ... the pollution, it can be concluded that total external population has the most number of population that will benefit from the decision. Generally, the position that Joelle must take is to mention the illegal dumping modus operandi of her company. Works Cited Dooley, D. (1996). Equality in Community: Sexual Equality in the Writings of William Thompson and Anna Doyle Wheeler. Ireland: Cork University Press. Frederick, R. (2002). A companion to business ethics. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. Gardiner, S.M. (2005). eVirtue Ethics, Old and New. New York: Cornell University Press. Kaufman, A. (1999). Welfare in the Kantian State. New York: Oxford University Press. Martineau, J. (2006). Types of Ethical Theory, Volume 1. New York: Cosimo, Inc. Reese, C.D. and Eidson, J.V. (1999). Handbook of OSHA construction safety and health. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press

The Powerful Impact of Technology on Education Essay examples -- Techn

The Powerful Impact of Technology on Education Technology has become much more common in the past few years in education. It has also been a blessing to some teachers; giving them more time and helping them find a unique new way to teach their students. Computers can be found in almost every single classroom and children as young as 4 years old have been taught the basic skills on the computer. Funding and new programs for computer teaching have come a long way. In the next few years, hopefully every child will have access to learning all sorts of new concepts on the computer. Several new institutes have arisen that focus on improving technology used for educational purposes. The Institute for Computer Based Learning uses technology for higher education. Learning experts and computer experts work together daily on finding new systems to put in the schools. Their main goal is to help the children learn and have fun at the same time on the computer with specific programs. Flexible learning is a key research theme for the Institute. They have worked to further develop the understanding of task-based learning environments and telematics-based learning. These programs have a large impact of how technology in education will further in the future. Funding for technology has come a long way. In 1999 Congress approved a plan to use $689 towards educational technology programs. Different organizations have come out that use turned in receipts from local grocery stores towards getting new computers for the schools. Others organizations are raising money to buy new computers for the schools. Other organizations are raising money to be new computers and software for schools that cannot afford it. More and more organizations are real... ...heir time, we hay be surprised at how much they take advantage of the opportunity. Technology is causing educators and students to have new ways of thinking about teaching and learning. When we bring technology into our school systems, we are gibing children the opportunity to live a better life. They will have higher self-esteem and feel as though they can accomplish anything that they put their mind to. In the future, computers will be main source for teaching our young children. Who knows how far technology will really take us? References The Institute for Computer Based Learning, Heriot- Watt University http://www.icbl.hw.ac.uk/distance_learning.html A+ Learning Technology for Kids, Funding for school technology http://www.technology4kids.com "Education Leadership". Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. V. 56, No. 5 February 1999

Genetic Testing and Counseling in Pregnancy Essay

For many women, pregnancy is met with excitement. However, for a few couples, the pregnancy can take a completely different turn when the fetus is determined to be afflicted with Tay-Sachs disease. This is a genetic condition, usually found in Caucasians, and primarily those of Jewish descent, and develops in 25% of cases when both parents carry the recessive gene (National Tay-Sachs and Allied Diseases [NTSAD], n. d. ). Genetic counseling is a relatively new concept in healthcare and â€Å"is the process of helping people understand and adapt to the medical, psychological and familial implications of genetic contributions to disease† (National Society of Genetic Counselors [NSGC], 2005, para. 2). For the men and women facing a pregnancy involving Tay-Sachs, genetic counseling is a viable and important option to consider. However, to ensure quality care and education, genetic counseling needs to involve a team of healthcare professionals from a variety of backgrounds. Interdisciplinary Team Members and Their Roles in Genetic Counseling Appropriate members of a multi-disciplinary team for the Trosacks include a genetic counselor, a nutritionist or dietician, the high-risk OB-GYN physician, a registered nurse specializing in high-risk perinatal care, and a therapist specializing in marriage and family therapy needs. Each member of this team will add a unique perspective to the Trosack’s case. The genetic counselor has graduate-level education and experience in both medical genetics and counseling (NSGC, 2005, para. 1). Using her expertise and skills, she will review the medical history for Mr. nd Mrs. Trosack, and their families, identify other genetic risks that may exist and explain inheritance patterns. She will provide information and resources for further education on genetic disorders, so that they can continue to learn about Tay-Sachs and connect with other families facing the disease. In addition to this expert information, the Trosacks will benefit from a nutritionist or dietician. The nutritionist not only has special training in the area of nutrition, but also in educating patients about their options and making nutritious choices. In general, a nutritionist can â€Å"advise individuals†¦on the nutritional practices that will promote good health, [and] structure and recommend diet plans for whole families†¦including guides to the correct preparation of meals and shopping for the right foods (Princeton Review, n. d. ). He will perform a nutrition assessment, provide education on additional nutritional needs due to pregnancy, and even assist with meal planning to ensure a health pregnancy. He will continue to assess and make recommendations on Mrs. Trosack’s nutritional needs based on lab work throughout the pregnancy. The patient’s overall care is the responsibility of her OB-GYN, who specializes in high-risk pregnancies. A high-risk OB-GYN has a lengthy education, residency and fellowship history to gain knowledge in caring for older patients, patients with specific medical conditions and patients carrying a pregnancy that has been determined to need specialized care. The perinatologist is not only capable of making diagnoses other obstetricians may miss, but can also perform specialized procedures and administer medications across the placenta (â€Å"Perinatologists,† n. d. ). She will assess the medical needs of Mrs.  Trosack and the fetus throughout the pregnancy, monitor fetal growth and development, order diagnostic tests as needed, and provide referrals to other specialists as needed. Working with the physician will be a nurse specializing in prenatal clients. This nurse has chosen to expand on her nursing education, taking additional classes and obtaining certifications specific to perinatal care. He will assess the couple’s understanding of pregnancy and prenatal care at the first visit and make a plan to educate them on each stage of pregnancy and fetal development as well as options available during labor and delivery. Additionally, he will ensure the couple understanding for each test or referral suggested by the physician. Due to the nature of the diagnosis, the couple will also benefit from a marriage and family therapist on their team. The couple has already expressed exasperation over the diagnosis, and volley between denial and acceptance of the diagnosis. Additionally, Mrs. Trosack has already expressed guilt over her workload and its â€Å"affect† on the baby. Mr. Trosack has expressed anger, which can lead to resentment. The strong emotions felt by both parties need to be expressed in a healthy way to preserve their marriage, and a therapist specializing in family matters is an appropriate facilitator. She will meet with the couple together, as well as individually to assess their feelings about the pregnancy, the Tay-Sachs diagnosis and the feelings they have toward each other. The therapy sessions will continue after the birth of their baby, due to the nature of the disease and the stress the baby’s health will add to their lives. Teaching Plan for the Initial Visit  The teaching plan for the Trosacks’ initial visit at the high-risk pregnancy center will include the following:  ·Genetic diagnosis—The Trosacks need to understand the diagnosis of Tay-Sachs: how it is transmitted, the probability of other pregnancies testing positive, and what symptoms their child is likely to develop. This will help them to understand they have done nothing wrong and prepare for the special needs their child will have.  ·Treatment—No treatment exists for the disease itself, but the Trosacks will benefit from learning about the symptoms their child may develop and how those symptoms are treated. They will be informed of ways to keep their child safe and comfortable during the illness.  ·Prognosis as it applies to Tay-Sachs—The prognosis for infantile Tay-Sachs is poor, with most children becoming progressively worse until their death by age 4 or 5. The Trosacks need to be informed of this so that they can make preparations—for themselves and other family members. Because most children develop normally until around six months of age, the Trosacks need to know that an absence of symptoms does not mean an absence of the disease (NTSAD, n. d. ). They need to know that their time with this child will be limited and filled with doctor visits and difficult medical decisions. With this education and advanced notice, they can begin to discuss which treatments they may consider (medications) and those treatments they may not want to consider (feeding tube).  ·Support groups and appropriate referrals—With the Internet, the community of support for families with Tay-Sachs has greatly expanded. The Trosacks will be given information on local support groups as well as the internet communities available to them. They will be directed to the National Tay-Sachs and Allied Disease, March of Dimes and National Organization for Rare Disorders websites to connect with other families who are living with Tay-Sachs. This support will help the Trosacks connect with the only other people who know what they are going through, share their concerns without fear of judgment, and learn from those have gone through it all personally.  ·Pregnancy information—Information on pregnancy is necessary for any pregnant woman, especially during her first pregnancy. Over the length of the pregnancy, the Trosacks will learn about how pregnancy and fetal development progresses during each trimester, what changes Mrs. Trosack can expect—physically and emotionally, and ways in which Mr. Trosack can be of assistance to her. The first visit will specifically cover the development to date and through the end of the first trimester. They will view pictures of the developing fetus and the ways in which Mrs. Trosack’s body is changing to accommodate the pregnancy. Ethical Implications of Having Genetic Information Available While genetic testing is a wonderful addition to the vast array of diagnostics medicine now offers, it can bring about new ethical implications. In reference to autonomy, genetic testing can sometimes reveal information about one’s family that was not known. For example, a Caucasian family may be surprised to find they are carriers for Sickle Cell disease, a disease found primarily in African-Americans and can bring about questions regarding the family history. These discussions may lead to the ethical issue of perceived invasions of privacy for other family members. Another example would be the dilemmas that occur when there is a difference in societal believes and one’s personal beliefs. First, â€Å"persons with a genetic condition may prefer not to learn that their offspring is at risk for the condition, or they may prefer to have offspring with the same condition present in other family members† (Halsey Lea, Williams, & Donahue, 2005, para. 15). Secondly, some people may feel it is unjust to bring a baby with anomalies into the world. The results of genetic testing in these instances may necessitate decisions about continuing pregnancy, selective termination and adoption. A third example of ethical dilemmas in regards to genetic information being available is in relation to beneficence and nonmalificence. For example, clinicians caring for a pregnant patient find the baby she is carrying has spina bifida. The patient states her sister had spina bifida and that she wants to deliver her baby in the community hospital with a midwife. The clinician now must balance her respect for her patient’s wishes with the concern she feels in allowing a baby with special needs to be born in an environment that cannot provide services that may improve the birth’s outcome (Halsey Lea et al. 2005). A fourth ethical issue is that of justice. For, some genetic disorders can be found with testing while others still cannot. For example, â€Å"the ability to identify carrier status for a mutation in the gene for cystic fibrosis is lower among Asian American and African American persons† than it is in Caucasians (Halsey Lea et al. , 2005). Thus, the results of testing performed on an Asian American or African American patient may not be a reliable indicator of their carrier status. Personal Thoughts, Feelings and Advocacy As a woman, this writer cannot begin to imagine the feelings felt by the Trosacks. After years of trying to conceive, they learn that they are finally pregnant only to find out their baby is likely to die by age five from a horrible, progressive disease. If in Mrs. Trosack’s shoes, would this writer be brave enough to continue the pregnancy, knowing the prognosis? I do not know. I am sure, however, that the Trosacks have a difficult road ahead of them. If I were Mrs. Trosack, I would expect to feel a constant state of grief—over the diagnosis and the life my child will not have, the loss of those milestones parents look forward to (first day of school, first dance, etc), the impending months or years of illness. I would hope that I could treasure the better moments I do have with my child—from birth to death, holding her as much as possible, trying to focus on the symptom-free moments, taking as many pictures as I can to record her short life. I question how angry a woman would feel in this situation. Surely, even those women with strong religious beliefs question the â€Å"why† of the diagnosis and circumstance. â€Å"Why, after all this time allow me to conceive if you’re going to give me a child so sick? What is the point of bringing a child into life if they are to suffer throughout? Why us? † Would a woman facing this diagnosis feel as if everyone pities her? While reading the case study, I found myself feeling pity for her, knowing that she would lose her child in such a horrible way after wanting a child so badly. Despite these feelings, the Trosacks’ choice to continue their pregnancy is just that†¦their choice. Many people think that being pro-choice means advocating for abortion. However, it is my belief that being pro-choice means advocating for people to make the best choice for themselves in particular situations. For, only those going through a particular situation know best how well or poorly they can handle a decision and circumstance. Their decision to continue a pregnancy after the diagnosis was made is a brave one and speaks volumes to their character and beliefs. The Trosacks’ case manager will work with each member of the interdisciplinary team to ensure they respect the wishes of the couple. The couple needs to know that they are supported and are being treated without judgment from the team members. She will meet with the team members to ensure they are able to continue treating with couple appropriately. If any of the team members express an inability to refrain from sharing their personal feelings with the couple, she will find suitable replacements. While the team members are entitled to their feelings, they are expected to keep those feelings to themselves when caring for patients. And, when patients are facing emotional and controversial decisions, the separation is even more important. Ethical and Legal Considerations When the Trosacks made the decision to continue the pregnancy after learning their baby has Tay-Sachs, they became bound, legally and ethically, to care for the child after the birth. Ethical considerations include the decision to bring a child into a life of poor health and early death after a progressive decline. Many people in society will judge them for this, and the child will be perceived in certain ways by others. Further, they will be faced with the decision to allow researchers to follow their child in an effort to gain more information about the disease in search for a cure. The child has no autonomy as a minor, and has no right to privacy when her parents are making the decisions. Another ethical question is who owns the genetic information? The genetic information is on the child’s DNA, but the parents are the ones making all the decisions. Legally, there are several areas of concern for the couple. First, they are now bound to provide healthcare to this child, despite the poor prognosis. They must provide food, clothing and shelter, and keep the child safe and comfortable as she declines. The child will eventually develop problems with swallowing, and at that time, will require further interventions to maintain life. Secondly, they are required to provide medical care for the child; and, with the poor prognosis, this is likely to involve many appointments, testing and medications or treatments. Third, they may have problems with insurance coverage, as some insurance policies may consider the child’s diagnosis to be pre-existing, denying coverage for any treatments associated with the disease. Though this is certainly not ethical, it is legal in this country, and may lead to financial problems and difficulty in continuing to obtain quality medical care.

Free Essays on Hiroshima Bombing

Should we constantly be reminded of the memories of disasters such as Hiroshima, Nagasaki, and September 11th? My thesis for this essay is that yes everyone should always remember the aforementioned tragic events. My main three main reasons for taking this position are that the world should not forgive and not forget, some people can not bring themselves to remember the events only because it hurt them so badly, but events as major as these need to be remembered. Finally, that since the tragedies have taken place people have come together more as one unified society. By forgiving and not forgetting about what happened in the countries past can only make a nation stronger. If society as a whole put these events in the back of our minds for good and never thought or grieved about it then we would be susceptible to more attacks. However, if there are constant memorials being erected and candles being lit to show that people remember and did not forget about those lost for their efforts, by doing so it would show that society, as a whole would be stronger by simply remembering. By forgetting about the past events only makes the nation a bigger target for more terror and tragedy. I consider the bombing of Hiroshima one of the most crucial and pivotal points in history. While it was a gruesome act it needed to be done to end an on going war. If it were not for the bombing, who is to say how long the war could have gone for. One of the main reasons to remember something as tragic as Hiroshima is that it could have changed the face of history forever. Furthermore, I know I do not like thinking of depressing things, or for example a death in the family is what I consider a tragic event as well. Even though it is a depressing and sad thought, people still need to keep our past in our minds for the future. John Berger says it best in his essay Hiroshima about how evil and terrible the thoughts about these events are â€Å"Nobody can confront the ... Free Essays on Hiroshima Bombing Free Essays on Hiroshima Bombing Should we constantly be reminded of the memories of disasters such as Hiroshima, Nagasaki, and September 11th? My thesis for this essay is that yes everyone should always remember the aforementioned tragic events. My main three main reasons for taking this position are that the world should not forgive and not forget, some people can not bring themselves to remember the events only because it hurt them so badly, but events as major as these need to be remembered. Finally, that since the tragedies have taken place people have come together more as one unified society. By forgiving and not forgetting about what happened in the countries past can only make a nation stronger. If society as a whole put these events in the back of our minds for good and never thought or grieved about it then we would be susceptible to more attacks. However, if there are constant memorials being erected and candles being lit to show that people remember and did not forget about those lost for their efforts, by doing so it would show that society, as a whole would be stronger by simply remembering. By forgetting about the past events only makes the nation a bigger target for more terror and tragedy. I consider the bombing of Hiroshima one of the most crucial and pivotal points in history. While it was a gruesome act it needed to be done to end an on going war. If it were not for the bombing, who is to say how long the war could have gone for. One of the main reasons to remember something as tragic as Hiroshima is that it could have changed the face of history forever. Furthermore, I know I do not like thinking of depressing things, or for example a death in the family is what I consider a tragic event as well. Even though it is a depressing and sad thought, people still need to keep our past in our minds for the future. John Berger says it best in his essay Hiroshima about how evil and terrible the thoughts about these events are â€Å"Nobody can confront the ...

Visit an Observatory, See the Stars, Planets, and Galaxies

Visit an Observatory, See the Stars, Planets, and Galaxies Observatories are places where astronomers do their work. Modern facilities are filled with telescopes and instruments that capture the light from distant objects. These places are scattered around the planet, and people have been building them for thousands of years. Some observatories are not even on Earth, but instead orbit or planet or the Sun in a quest for more information about the sky. However, not every such observatory has a telescope. Older ones from prehistory are simply markers that help observers capture a view of a sky objects as it rises or sets. Early Sky-gazing Places Before the advent of telescopes, astronomers did their observing naked eye from wherever they could find a dark-sky site. In most cases, mountaintops did just fine, lifting them up above the surrounding landscapes and cities. Observatories date back to ancient times when people used rocks or sticks placed  in the ground to align with the rising and setting points of the Sun and important stars. Good examples of these early ones are the Big Horn Medicine Wheel in Wyoming, the Cahokia Mounds in Illinois, and Stonehenge  in England. Later on, people built temples to the Sun, Venus, and other objects. We can see the remains of many of these buildings in Chichen Itza in Mexico, the Pyramids in Egypt, and the remains of building on Machu Picchu in Peru. Each of these sites preserved a view of the heavens as a calendar. Essentially, they let their builders use the sky to determine the change of seasons and other important dates. Stonehenge in the UK was built as a way to observe alignments of sun and moon rises and sets. Orion Lawlor, Wikimedia Commons After the telescope was invented in the early 1600s, it wasnt long before people were building large ones and mounting them in buildings to protect them from the elements and support their enormous weights. Over the centuries, scientists learned to make better telescopes, outfit them with cameras and other instruments, and the serious study of the stars and planets and galaxies moved forward. Each leap in technology reaped an immediate reward: a better view of objects in the sky for astronomers to study. Galileo offering his telescope to three young women seated on a throne. Painting by unknown artist. Library of Congress. Modern Observatories Fast-forward to todays professional research facilities and we find advanced technology, Internet connectivities, and other equipment pushing huge amounts of data out to astronomers. Observatories exist for nearly every wavelength of light in the electromagnetic spectrum: from gamma rays to microwaves and beyond. Visible-light and infrared-sensitive observatories exist on high peaks throughout the world. Radio telescope dishes dot the landscapes, seeking out emissions from active galaxies, exploding stars, and more. Gamma-ray, x-ray, and ultraviolet observatories, as well as a few infrared-sensitive ones, orbit in space, where they can gather their data free of Earths heat and atmosphere as well as humanitys tendency to spread radio signals out in all directions. A setting full moon provides a backdrop for the Very Large Telescope complex in Paranal, Chile. This is one of several high-altitude observatories in South America alone. ESO   There are a great many famous observing facilities out there, including the Hubble Space Telescope, the infrared-sensitive  Spitzer Space Telescope, the planet-finding  Kepler Telescope, a gamma-ray explorer or two, the Chandra X-ray Observatory, and a number of solar observatories all in space. If we count the probes to the planets, plus a telescope and some instruments on the International Space Station, space is bristling with our eyes and ears on the cosmos. A sample of telescopes (operating as of February 2013) at wavelengths across the electromagnetic spectrum. Several of these observatories observe more than one band of the EM spectrum. NASA The best known Earth-based observatories include the Gemini and Subaru telescopes on Mauna Kea in Hawaii, which sit on the mountain along with the twin Keck telescopes and a slew of radio and infrared facilities.  The southern hemisphere boasts the observatories of the European Southern Observatory collective, the Atacama Large-Millimeter Array radio telescopes, a collection of visible-light and radio observatories in Australia (including the telescopes at Siding Spring and Narrabri), plus telescopes in South Africa and on Antarctica. In the United States, the best-known observatories are on Kitt Peak in Arizona, the Lick, Palomar, and Mt. Wilson observatories in Southern California, and the Yerkes in Illinois. In Europe, observatories exist in France, Germany, England, and Ireland. Russia and China also have a number of institutions, as well as India and parts of the Middle East. There are too many to list here, but the sheer number testifies to the worldwide interest in astronomy . Want to Visit an Observatory? So, can regular people visit an observatory? Many facilities offer tours and some give peeks through a telescope on public nights. Among the best-known public facilities is Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles, where visitors can look at the Sun during the day and look through a professional scope at night. Kitt Peak National Observatory offers public nights through much of the year, as does the Foothill Observatory in Los Altos Hills, California, Palomar Observatory (during the summer months), the University of Colorados Sommers-Bausch facility, a select number of the telescopes on Mauna Kea in Hawaii, and many others. There is a complete list here.   Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles, CA, is open to the public and provides stargazing opportunities, exhibits, and a planetarium for visitors to learn about the universe. Matthew Field,  via Creative Commons Attribution-Share-alike 3.0 license. Not only can visitors get a chance to see some fascinating objects through a telescope at these places, they get a full behind-the-scenes look at how a modern observatory works. Its well worth the time and effort, and makes a wonderful family activity!

Rivalry Between Beijing vs. Shanghai

Rivalry Between Beijing vs. Shanghai Beijing and Shanghai are arguably China’s two most famous and most important cities. One is the center of government, the other the center of modern commerce. One is steeped in history, the other is a glittering tribute to modernity. You might imagine that the two fit together like yin and yang, complimenting each other, and maybe that’s true... but they also hate each other. Beijing and Shanghai have a fierce rivalry that’s been going on for decades, and it’s fascinating. What Shanghai Thinks of Beijing and Vice Versa In Shanghai, people will tell you Beijing ren (Ã¥Å'â€"ä º ¬Ã¤ º º, â€Å"Beijingers†) are arrogant and uncouth. Although the city is host to more than 20 million people, Shanghai’s denizens will tell you they act like peasants- friendly, perhaps, but blustery and uncultured. Certainly not as refined and fashionable as Shanghaiers! â€Å"They [Beijingers] smell like garlic,† one Shanghai resident told the LA Times in an article on the rivalry. In Beijing, on the other hand, they’ll tell you that Shanghai people only care about money; they’re unfriendly to outsiders and selfish even among themselves. Shanghai men are said to place too much importance on business while being impotent pushovers at home. Shanghai women are supposedly bossy dragon ladies who push their men around whenever they’re not too busy spending their money shopping. â€Å"All they care for is themselves and their money,† a Beijinger told the LA Times. When Did the Rivalry Originate? Although China has dozens of huge cities these days, Beijing and Shanghai have played a major role in China’s culture for centuries. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Shanghai clearly had the upper hand it was the center of Chinese fashion, the â€Å"Paris of the East†, and Westerners flocked to the cosmopolitan city. After the revolution in 1949, though, Beijing became the center of China’s political and cultural power, and Shanghai’s influence waned. When China’s economy was opened up following the Cultural Revolution, Shanghai’s influence began to rise again, and the city became the heart of Chinese finance (and fashion). Of course, it’s not all macroeconomics and geopolitics. Although denizens of both cities would like to believe their cities are more influential, there is also a grain of truth to the stereotypes and jokes that get passed around; Shanghai and Beijing do have very different cultures, and the cities look and feel different. The Rivalry Today These days, Beijing and Shanghai are considered mainland China’s two greatest cities, and although the government being located in Beijing means that Beijing will probably have the upper hand for the foreseeable future, but that hasn’t stopped the two from competing. The Beijing Olympics in 2008, followed by Shanghai’s World Expo in 2010, have been a great source of fodder for comparative arguments about the virtues and faults of the two cities, and denizens of both will argue it was their city that put on the better show when they were on the world stage. Of course, the rivalry also plays out in professional sports. In basketball, a match between the Beijing Ducks and the Shanghai Sharks can be counted on to be contentious, and both teams are among the best in the league historically, though it has been more than a decade since the Sharks made an appearance in the finals. In soccer, Beijing Guoan and Shanghai Shenhua duke it out for bragging rights each year (though again, Beijing has had more recent success than Shanghai in the league). It’s unlikely that Beijingers and Shanghaiers will ever see totally eye to eye. It’s worth noting that the Beijing versus Shanghai feud sometimes even extends the ​city’s expatriate communities, so if you’re looking for a Chinese city to live in, choose wisely.

Un-redd programme on forest management in Cameroon Thesis

Un-redd programme on forest management in Cameroon - Thesis Example It uses the convening power and expertise of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The UN-REDD Programme has 29 partner countries across Africa, Asia-Pacific and Latin America; of these 13 receive support to National Programme activities. The Central African Republic including Cameroon, besides other countries such as Argentina, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ethiopia, Gabon, Guatemala, Guyana, and several others not receiving direct support to national programmes engage with the Programme in a number of ways such as observers to the Programme’s Policy Board, and through participation in regional workshops and knowledge sharing enabled by the Programme’s interactive online workspace (UN-REDD 2009). Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the UN-REDD Programme in developing countries, particularly in Cameroon in Central Africa. The UN-REDD, its goals, objectives and targets in Cameroon, the UN-REDD in relation to governance, corruption and sustainable development in Cameroon, as well as the challenges or shortcomings in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in Cameroon will be examined. Reform in the Rainforests of Cameroon Cameroon, is a tropical country in Central Africa and part of the Congo Basin. â€Å"It contains the largest piece of rainforest on the African continent and the second largest area of contiguous moist tropical forest of the world† (Westholm, Henders, Ostwald & Mattson 2009: 44). Cameroon continues to have vast forest resources, and is at the forefront of forestry sector reform in Africa. It is expected that the country will play a constructive role in Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD). Cameroon has a population of 16.5 million inhabitants, of which about 30,000 indigenous people live on an area of 4,75,000 square kilometers. A part of the vast 198 million hectares Congo Basin rainforest is in Cameroon, covering 16.9 million hectares, forming 40 percent of the national territory. This forest is rich in fauna and flora providing â€Å"food, medicines, fuel wood and construction materials for about 8 million rural Cameroonians† (Aronsen, Lindhjem & Braten 2010: 7). The forestry sector forms the core of the Cameroonian economy, generating about 13,000 formal and 1,50,000 informal jobs, thus becoming the largest employer outside the public sector. Timber is the second largest source of export revenues after petroleum, accounting for 4.8 percent of non-petroleum GDP in 2004 (Aronsen et al 2010). â€Å"The deforestation rate is 1,53,700 hectares per year, or 0.72%, according to the National communication, although latest assessments ha ve yielded much lower rates† (Westholm et al 2009: 44). From the year 1994, Cameroon regulated access to its rainforests, balanced public and private interests in those forests, and combined a broad range of economic, cultural, and environmental approaches to the value of the forests, by introducing regulatory and market-based reforms. According to Topa, Megevand and Karsenty (2009), reports based on evidence from historical data and extensive interviews indicate that the reforms brought order among the most highly competing interests, and addressed vital environmental and social issues; however a significant part of the agenda remains incomplete. The reports provide information to the public on the boundaries, ownership, use rights, and management of Cameroon’s rainforests, together with detection and prosecution of illegal activities. There has been

The Concept of Liberty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Concept of Liberty - Essay Example They re used to derive property implictions nd to solve philosophicl problems ssocited with this conception of liberty. In the following pper I would like to discuss the concept of liberty s it is presented by severl reserches. First I will define the generl concept of liberty s it is viewed by the generl socil community, then I will discuss the views of severl uthors s for the liberty concept. Finlly I Will mke the conclusions nd summrize the reserched pper. 'Liberty', in its most generl sense, signifies the bsence of some sort of constrint on something. The topic here is interpersonl liberty: the bsence of initited constrints on people by other people; or, more precisely, people intercting voluntrily without constrining, interfering with, or imposing upon ech other - except to prevent or redress initited constrining, interfering, or imposing. s 'imposing' seems the most generl of these terms, I shll stick with tht s long s it withstnds criticism. Positively inititing n imposition on nother is to be contrsted here with merely withholding ssistnce, or with defense or redress (so not just nything tht nyone else might do could be described s 'imposing'). This sense of 'liberty' is supposed to be the opposite of subjection nd oppression: it is individul sovereignty. It is bout the voluntry interction of persons rther thn selfish individulism, s its detrctors sometimes misrepresent it. This is the liberty of libertrinism, clssicl liberlism, nd much - though not ll - common sense. s fr s I cn tell, no one hs hitherto provided n dequte ccount of liberty in this sense. This filure is prticulrly striking nd ironic mong those clling themselves 'libertrins'. I shll ttempt cler, or t lest clerer, wy of expressing this ide tht is cpble of deling with vrious problems.number of reserches nd politicins in different wys interpret the concept of liberty. I will tke look t severl of them so tht them in my further reserch. Isih Berlin presents two concepts of liberty through which he plces the freedom of judgment in reltionship to them, nd lys out some dvntges of liberty bsed on judgment over the other two concepts. One wy of tking Berlin's distinction is to mke it debte over the importnce of politicl prticiption. Berlin himself llows for number of other wys to put the distinction, but describes the centrl issue dividing the two concepts s follows: Liberty in [the negtive] sense is principlly concerned with the re of control, not with its source. Just s democrcy my, in fct, deprive the individul citizen of gret mny liberties which he might hve in some other form of society, so it is perfectly conceivble tht liberl-minded despot would llow his subjects lrge mesure of personl freedom. Self-government my, on the whole, provide better gurntee of the preservtion of civil liberties thn other rgimes, nd hs been defended s such by libertrins. But there is no necessry connexion between individul liberty nd democrtic rule. The nswer to the question "Who governs me" is logiclly distinct from the question "How fr does government interfere with me" It is in this difference tht the gret contrst between the two concepts of negtive nd positive liberty, in the end, consists (Berlin, 2002). Mny hve red Berlin s n updted version of Benjmin Constnt, who put mtters similrly. Constnt distinguished between the liberty of the ncients nd the liberty of the moderns, sying tht "n Englishmn, Frenchmn, nd citizen of the United Sttes" understnds liberty to

Environmental Management In Developing Countries Dissertation

Environmental Management In Developing Countries - Dissertation Example Environmental management is a branch of study which deals with the environment and its proper management to ensure that human activities have a minimum impact on the environment (Selin and Chevez, 1995). Environmental management does not directly take care of the environment by planting more trees or cleaning up polluted water bodies, but it indirectly helps to preserve the environment by taking strong measures against the organizations which cause pollution and environmental degradation. According to Sheldon and Yoxon (2006), the aspects which environmental management takes care of are activities such as manufacturing, services, and logistics of organizations. Environmental management system (EMS) is the programs which are adopted by organizations for implementing proper environmental management procedures. In EMS, the environmental programs of an organization are created in a more organized and systematic manner (Marguglio 1991). Therefore, the organizations which adopt EMS in their work procedure must include EMS in their organizational structure, each step of their manufacturing process, and include EMS in the resource development stage also. EMS is one of the most important concepts in the world today as the governments of the world are realizing the effects of environmental degradation (Born and Sonzogni 1995). A number of governments including India are encouraging the Indian corporate and manufacturing sectors to integrate EMS into their organizational structure. EMS has a number of benefits. Some of them include improving the environmental performance of an organization, helping an organization to systematically resolve any environmental issues that may come up, helping in a better understanding of the short term and long term effects of its manufacturing process, services or products.

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Research Paper Example as a key driver behind the phenomenal success that the company has been able to achieve in the past decade or so. Certainly, when one views Apple Inc.’s extensive product portfolio in the technology industry, the immediate reaction that is garnered with regards to the success of the product reflects upon the idea that the triumph of the product is only attributable to innovation and creativity. More so, one also feels that Apple Inc. has been able to stand out in the market because time and again the organization has been able to beat competitors like Microsoft and Samsung by deliberating what the customer wants and then acting upon that deliberation. However, innovation in product design and execution is not something that happens by chance and it most certainly is not one facet of organizational success. Through this article I learned that it is in fact possible for a company to base its future direction on the design of the product that appeals the market and reaches out to the customer. I believe that the crux of Heracleous’s analysis regarding Apple Inc.’s product design and associated decisions lies in emphasizing upon how the company is able to develop a convergence. As noted by the author, â€Å"†¦the company has helped to accelerate the blurring of industry boundaries through the spread of devices that offer convergent technologies† (Heracleous 3). In this segmnent of the discussion the author emphasizes upon the need to take such product design decisions that demonstrate risk and audacity through the integration of a surprise element. Many a times while conducting research that is related to operations management and enhancing the issues that are associated with process management, companies choose to ignore the minor faults in the product design itself which maybe hindering the successful execution of tasks. Discussing the matter with respect to process decision making at Apple Inc. it can be identified that the company basis its

Marketing management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 4

Marketing management - Essay Example The governance body include the CEO and the board of directors. These individuals determine the organizational objectives and ensure that the firm is progressing towards the desired direction by constant monitoring and review. These stakeholders look after the revenue generation of the firm and the prospective areas of development. Employees: The employees are the work force of the company that helps the firm to achieve its organizational objectives. The employees of M&S are more concerned about how the organization is concerned about their welfare. The employees prefer to receive perks and privileges from the management which acts as a motivational determinant of their performance output. Investors: The investors are the external stakeholders who invest in the company in hope of better return. The investors are more concerned about the financial health of the company, as their return on investment is dependent on it. Moreover, the capital generation of the company is also dependent on the invested amount. The investors closely monitor the ups and downs of the firm and invest or withdraw their money accordingly. Customers: The customers are more concerned about the value proposition of the firm. They look for what M&S has to offer and how they will give them more value than its competitors. The growth of the company is also sought by the customers as it will determine the value addition of the company. Government: The government is concerned whether or not the company is running in accordance with the proper rules and regulations. The government also ensures that the company’s performance is helping to improve the economic conditions of the firm. The employee market sector can be divided in two particular segments, the primary and the secondary sector. The primary sector constitutes the jobs with long term tenure and the employees are motivated by the inclusion of

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Research Paper Example as a key driver behind the phenomenal success that the company has been able to achieve in the past decade or so. Certainly, when one views Apple Inc.’s extensive product portfolio in the technology industry, the immediate reaction that is garnered with regards to the success of the product reflects upon the idea that the triumph of the product is only attributable to innovation and creativity. More so, one also feels that Apple Inc. has been able to stand out in the market because time and again the organization has been able to beat competitors like Microsoft and Samsung by deliberating what the customer wants and then acting upon that deliberation. However, innovation in product design and execution is not something that happens by chance and it most certainly is not one facet of organizational success. Through this article I learned that it is in fact possible for a company to base its future direction on the design of the product that appeals the market and reaches out to the customer. I believe that the crux of Heracleous’s analysis regarding Apple Inc.’s product design and associated decisions lies in emphasizing upon how the company is able to develop a convergence. As noted by the author, â€Å"†¦the company has helped to accelerate the blurring of industry boundaries through the spread of devices that offer convergent technologies† (Heracleous 3). In this segmnent of the discussion the author emphasizes upon the need to take such product design decisions that demonstrate risk and audacity through the integration of a surprise element. Many a times while conducting research that is related to operations management and enhancing the issues that are associated with process management, companies choose to ignore the minor faults in the product design itself which maybe hindering the successful execution of tasks. Discussing the matter with respect to process decision making at Apple Inc. it can be identified that the company basis its

Essentials Mangement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Essentials Mangement - Essay Example â€Å"Without inspiration the best powers of the mind remain dormant, they is a fuel in us which needs to be ignited with sparks† (Johann Gottfried Von Herder, n.d) Motivation is accepted as the driving force behind every human action and organizational principles; whether it is traditional or new, also give much importance to motivation in a business setup. Human actions are primarily for certain goals and anything which helps them to achieve these goals will motivate them. Organizations are spending a substantial period of time in researching about the possible methods or strategies which can motivate the employees. Traditional methods like the rewards and punishments are not enough at present and the employees are thinking something beyond that because of the changing culture, social norms and life styles. The question of a generalised theory of motivation is on card for long time and many business experts are divided in their opinions about the above issue. This paper crit ically analyses the possibility of a generalised theory of motivation at work place. From the above diagram it is clear that achievement, recognition, nature of work and responsibility are the key motivating factors whereas how the business is run, supervision, work conditions and pay scale are the main areas which can demoralize or prevent the workers from achieving job satisfaction. An employee will be definitely motivated, if his achievements are recognized and complemented by the organization. For example, a worker who completes a project efficiently, economically and before the schedule should be complemented by some rewards which will boost his energy for improving his productivity further and further. On the other hand, if the organization fails to respond such outstanding piece of works will definitely prevent the employees from making a conscious effort

Development of Curleys wife throughout the novel Essay Example for Free

Development of Curleys wife throughout the novel Essay In the novel Steinbeck’s uses social class, to separate the characters from one another especially Curley’s wife from crooks â€Å"you keep your place then nigger†, indicates to us that the social structure was different in America around 1937, a white women was above a black man. The writer showed this and showed peoples attitude of time. In addition it also gives us an insight on how it will feel like to be black.  Furthermore Steinbeck’s also describes Curley’s wife in a desperate and worried way â€Å"married two weeks†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦?† this is shown by the writer creating a tone to the quote, ending the quote with a question mark could mean that the other characters are confused to whether it would last or not, in addition it could also signify that they are doubting their relationship. Steinbeck’s use of language starts to develop more, when he goes on to describe Curley’s wife on page 53. The writer describes her in a sexual dangerous way; we know this by the writer repeating the word â€Å"red†. This indicates to us that danger awaits her; additionally it could also mean that she is seen as a â€Å"sex image†, by the other men on the ranch. This is shown by the writer using the term â€Å"fascinated†, which describes how the other men felt when they saw her. Furthermore, her body languages links to how she’s speaks, â€Å"her voice had a nasal, brittle quality† this indicates to us that she had a fragile slow voice that hypnotized men which made her sound innocent â€Å"Lennie watched her†. This quote enhances that men couldn’t keep their eyes off her, the writer makes Curley’s wife out to be a advert, says things slowly in a tempting way, portraying her as an object. In addition the writer describes Curley’s wife as a desperate insecure women that feels the need to seek attention from other men, â€Å"her body was thrown forward†, specifies to us that she is pushing herself to the situation. In the novel, Steinbeck makes the role of women in the book all to do with sex, some providing sex for the men, portraying them as sexual objects. However, some female characters are seen as either mother figures. This is in contrast to Curley’s wife which is seen as a women who keeps degrading herself â€Å"Curley’s married a tart† this enhances to us that the men on the ranch have no respect for her, this is shown by referring to her as a â€Å"tart† which could also include how the way she dresses in a sexual seductive way to cover up her insecurities. However Curley’s wife may want to dress up because it makes her feel good about herself and she does have the time since her husband is quite wealthy. Moreover, in the novel Of Mice and Men, the writer John Steinbeck makes it out to be women are inferior to men, this is shown by making Curley’s wife the only women on the ranch. Furthermore, the writer also describes Curley’s wife in a detailed sympathy way and this makes the writer feel sorry for her â€Å"you better go home now†, indicates to us that Curley’s wife is in a place that she is not meant to be, it also shows how isolated she is, this is shown by using the term â€Å"quietly† which shows to us that she is being sneaky about the situation, furthermore it also shows us that she isn’t allowed to communicate with other men which gives us an insight about her, that she doesn’t have any friends on the ranch, she has to do it discretely, this shows that Curley doesn’t trust her and she feels protected in the hands of the other men on the ranch, this creates a sense of security. Furthermore, the writer John Steinbeck’s in a way describes Curley’s wife as a dog, metaphorically speaking â€Å"bitch please†, which shows to us that she is described as female dog, rather than a human being which implies to us that she is not an important person, which links with Candy’s dog, which both have something in common, they both died. In addition when they are described or mentioned in the book John Steinbecks makes it sound like they are the subject or object in the sentence. It also shows the insignificant in both characters.

History of Albert Einstein

History of Albert Einstein Reiyyan Tariq Nizami Albert Einstein The Political Activist behind the Physicist Albert Einstein is a name known by nearly every child who has the luxury of learning about science and physics. Throughout the world he is known for his remarkable work in physics where he developed the theory of relativity. However most know him for his infamous mass – energy equivalence formula E=mc2. Einstein received a Nobel Prize in physics in 1921 for his fabulous work. Everyone knows about his work in physics but few know about the political side of Einstein. He was alive during many wars and he always tried to help as many people as he could. Albert Einstein was a great physicist and political activist and an even better humanitarian. Albert Einstein was born on March 14th 1879 in Ulm, Germany to a Jewish family. From a young age Einstein showed a great interest in mathematics and physics and eventually obtained a diploma from Swiss Federal Polytechnic School. He eventually became a Swiss citizen and started working as a technical assistant at the patent office. In 1905 he obtained a PhD from the University of Zurich. His dissertation was called A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions† in which he discussed Avogadro’s constant. This was just the beginning for the great physicist’s accomplishments. Later on in the same year Einstein wrote four papers which are sometimes referred to as the Annus Mirabilis papers. Annus Mirabilis is Latin for Great or Miraculous Year, the year was indeed great for Albert Einstein. The four papers he wrote held great weight in the physics community and changed the way people viewed many aspects of physics. The four papers were written on Photoelectric Effect, Brownian motion, Special Relativity and Mass-Energy equivalence. These papers brought Einstein into the spotlight in the world of physics. In the following years Einstein was more and more successful. In 1908 he was given a teaching position at the University of Bern. The next year he got an offer to work at the University of Zurich and a few years later he got a position to teach at Charles-Ferdinand University in what was then known as Czechoslovakia. He later returned to Germany to work at Kaiser Wilhelm Society as a director. The Kaiser Wilhelm Society was setup to encourage the study of natural sciences in Germany. He was also given a professorship at Humboldt University of Berlin however he did not teach there much. Next Albert Einstein went on to become the president of the German Physical Society. All of these positions of great honor and stature were given to Albert Einstein for his brilliant work in Physics. From 1907 to 1915 Einstein worked on his General Theory of Relativity. This was by far one of Einstein’s greatest gift to the scientific community. However during these years the theory was met with different controversies from different people. He was awarded a Nobel Prize in physics in 1921 which was awarded for his work with the photoelectric effect. He did however receive recognition for his work in relativity in 1925 when he received the Copley Medal, which is given to scientists who have greatly contributed to any field of science by the Royal Society. Albert Einstein definitely deserved these rewards for all the great contributions he gave to the world of physics. Einstein was widely respected throughout Germany and the world for his great contributions to the world of physics. However he was also despised by many people for various reasons, such as, some people didn’t believe in his science and others hated him for his religion. A Jews life in Germany in 1930s was one filled with great danger at all times. This was because of the far right wing party National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) known to many people as the Nazi party. They held a belief that the Aryan race was the strongest purest race and other races were inferior especially the Jews. If someone happened to be a famous person and a Jew, as Albert Einstein was, then their life was in grave danger. Being the famous person he was Albert Einstein travelled all over the place giving lectures and continued his work on physics. In 1933 the German far right wing Nazi party came to power. Their views were extremely Fascist and included but weren’t limited to anti-Semitism and racial purity. Lucky for Albert Einstein he was not in Germany during this time, he was in fact taking a trip to the Pasadena, California in the United States of America with his family where he was a visiting professor for a short time at the California institute of Technology. When Albert Einstein heard of the Nazi party coming to power in 1933 he and his family decided to stay away from Germany. They instead decided to travel to Belgium where they stayed for a few months. During his journey Albert Einstein was informed that his house was broken into by the Nazis and his possessions had been confiscated. Albert Einstein decided he no longer wanted to be associated with Germany and gave away his citizensh ip of Germany. Eventually the Nazi party implanted harsher and harsher laws against Jews in Germany. The atmosphere in Germany was getting worse and worse for any Jewish person and every one of them were trying to flee the country for their lives. Albert Einstein was being targeted by his enemies in every way possible. His scientific achievements were being tarnished by Nazi scientists, his writings were burned by the Nazis and he was officially listed an enemy of the state in Germany and there was a bounty on his head for $5,000. Albert Einstein decided that staying in Europe was not an option for him and so he took his family and moved to Princeton in New Jersey where he stayed for the rest of his life away from the threats to him from the German Nazi party. The Nazi party put Albert Einstein under a lot of pressure but this only made him a stronger advocate of war and further increased his desire for peaceful resolutions to problems. Over the years that the Nazi party was holding power in Germany Albert Einstein was working hard to try to give the Jews in Europe a way to escape Hitler’s grasp. Albert Einstein wrote letters to the United States of America asking them to give European Jews visas to enter the United States to escape torture at the hands of the Nazis. Albert Einstein pleaded to the United States to make immigration easier for his people. This was the start of a long political path for Albert Einstein. Einstein kept trying harder and harder to provide ways to rescue his friends from oppression in Germany. Finally in 1933 Albert Einstein was able to get the wheels in motion and the International Rescue Committee was created which over the years saved multiple thousands of people from not only Germany but also from Italy, France, Spain and many other European countries. If it wouldn’t have been for Albert Einstein a majority of those people would have ended up dying to the hands of one dictator or another. Einstein was also a man of strong morals, throughout the whole German war he stood strong and tried to help people being oppressed by the Nazis in the best way that he could do so. He appealed to governments to help the oppressed and used his fame and connection in every way possible to help people. After the war had ended Germans wanted to have Einstein come home as a hero and give him rewards for his support to those that needed help. However Albert Einstein declined any such rewards, he said that he was extremely upset with the way that Germany let the genocide of 6 million Jews take place. He never went back to Germany after 1933 and did not like to be associated with them. He stood up for what he believed was right even if it was his home country and that made him a true hero. After the war had ended the whole world was trying to find a home for the Jewish community. A country that they could call their own and live in peace without any kind of oppression from any other race or religion. Many people came to decide that the Jews should have their own home in the holy land, Palestine. Albert Einstein was in support of this idea, what better place to call home then the land of Moses, the prophet of the Jews. However Albert Einstein had a different approach to the rest of the world. He believed that instead of creating a state for the Jews protected by weapons and an army. He believed that the Jews and the Arabs could live together in harmony peacefully. As the Jewish state of Israel was being created Einstein was still opposed to their actions. Albert Einstein joined with a few others together sent a letter to the New York Times in which they condemned the actions of Menachem Begin, an Israeli politician for the right wing Herut political party, for the massacre of Arab villages. The authors of the letter compared the massacre to what Hitler and the Nazi party did in Germany with their fascist views and they warned the world of terrible things to come if the right wing party came to power. This showed great courage and morality of Albert Einstein, he was going against his own religion to do what was right and this made him a great leader for people. In fact Albert Einstein was so loved by the people of Israel and Jews around the world that he was offered the position of being the president of Israel. However he declined the offer kindly as he believed he was not the right man for the job as he lacked the experience and the skills to work in such a position of power. He decided that he could do more work for the world from behind his desk compared to the desk of the president of Israel. This showed that Albert Einstein was working not to gain power of any sort but to do the right thing and that is a quality that is rarely see in people, especially political activists. Albert Einstein was looked down at by the Nazi party and their supporters throughout his life in Germany. This made him all too familiar with the feeling of Anti-Semitism discrimination which he fought against throughout his life. However this was not the only type of discrimination he fought against. Albert Einstein was also fighting the fight for civil rights for African Americans. He worked with many various organizations to help African Americans obtain equality and to get rid of racism. There are many times during his life when Albert Einstein homed and supported African Americans who were oppressed by the white man. This shows how great of a humanitarian Albert Einstein was, he really did not see race or religion, he saw humanity and felt the urge to help them. Of great significance were the events of a racial riot in Tennessee which took place in 1946 known as the Columbia Race Riot. The police in Tennessee had been injured while they were going to enter a segregated African American business district. Later on the white Americans and the police raided the African American business district and stole money and weapons and other goods from their stores and arrested several African American men on alleged murder charges. These men weren’t provided any legal counsel and were going to be punished but the actions of Thurgood Marshall, a member of the United States Supreme Court, supported by Albert Einstein and a few other supporters of civil rights fought to free the wrongfully accused African American men. Albert Einstein felt so strongly about the discrimination against African Americans and he used his fame and power to condemn it in every way possible. He gave lectures, speeches and even wrote letters to politicians throughout the government. He went so far as to communicating with the president of the United States, Harry S. Truman. In his letters Albert Einstein condemned the racial discrimination and urged the president to pass anti-lynching laws. Albert Einstein was not afraid of anyone when it came to equality and civil rights for any race, he spoke his mind freely. Throughout most of his life Albert Einstein was a pacifist, a man who tried to help the weak and wanted to achieve harmony throughout the world in a peaceful manner. However sometimes there is not an option for a peaceful way. In 1939 this was the situation Aalbert Einstein found himself in. German scientists were attempting to develop a nuclear weapon and if they succeeded this would be ill news for the rest of the world. Having firsthand experience of what the Nazis were capable of Albert Einstein and a few other scientists, many who also suffered at the hands of the Nazis, decided to urge the United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt to develop their own nuclear weapon as a defensive strategy against the Nazis in case they developed a Nuclear weapon. Hence began the Nuclear arms race and this was the biggest regret of Einstein later on in his life. This was a very difficult decision for Einstein as a political activist and many argue that if he had to do it again he may not ha ve made the same decision. Indeed if Albert Einstein knew that the United States would end up using the Nuclear weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and that the Nazis would fail to develop any Nuclear weapons then he would have never suggested their development. However under pressure and fear of Nazi world dominance Albert Einstein made a decision which resulted in the death of many innocent Japanese people. Later on in his life Albert Einstein tried to correct his mistakes and wrote an article where he suggested that United States should not be an atomic power, instead they should give the Atomic power to the United Nations to deter other dictators and nations from trying to develop weapons. It seems throughout his life Einstein was in the middle of some sort of war. He lived through World War 1 and 2 and when those finally ended he was right in the center of the cold war. During his work in World War 2 Albert Einstein developed strong ties with many political activists and politicians in the west as well as in the east, in specific with the soviets. Anyone who was remotely tied to the soviets was being accused of treason and disloyalty, this practice was called McCarthyism. At the head of the anti-communist movement were U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy and the Federal Bureau of Investigation directed by J. Edgar Hoover. Once again Albert Einstein did all that he could to help innocent people who were the victims of McCarthyism. Albert Einstein publicly advised all the victims of McCarthyism to apply the non-cooperation movement much like Gandhi did in India with the British Empire. His rational was that if everyone did not cooperate with the government then they would not have anything and would eventually give up. Albert Einstein compared Joseph McCarthy to Hitler and his fascist ways. Albert Einstein was so displeased with the acts of the government that ignored any risks to his reputation and he fought for his political beliefs. He went so far as to say that he would be willing to go to jail if he had to but he would stick to what he felt was right. Joseph McCarthy and the FBI were never able to find concrete evidence against Albert Einstein and so Albert Einstein lived a free man who continued to struggle for freedom. Even in his last days on this planet Einstein continued his work to prevent wars in the future and to stop nuclear development. Albert Einstein’s biggest fear was that his work in physics which was key in the development of the Atomic Bomb would be the weapon that annihilates all of mankind. It is widely known knowledge that Einstein said â€Å"I do not know how the third World War will be fought, but I can tell you what they will use in the Fourth — sticks and stones. This was to signify that the world would be destroyed by nuclear weapons before the fourth world war. In his last week’s Einstein wrote a manifesto with Bertrand Russell, a British philosopher, the manifesto discussed the dangers of nuclear warfare. The Russell–Einstein Manifesto was key in the development of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs. This conference brings forth leaders and scientists from around the world to discuss ways to mitigate the dangers of war and to fi nd peaceful resolutions to issues. Through his entire life Albert Einstein was working to stop wars and help the victims of wars. At the same time he was also busy doing research in physics. He worked on developing a Unified field theory, he studied wormholes, and of course he continued his own research on quantum mechanics as well. While he did all this he also helped free Jews, African Americans and other people being oppressed. How one man can inspire the whole world is remarkable and speaks to volumes the power of the human brain. Throughout his life Einstein influenced many and even today his theories are used to develop and understand physics and the natural world. The man was a remarkable physicist and he was rewarded for that in many ways from the Nobel Prize to professorships around the world. Unfortunately his political and humanitarian work was not recognized and rewarded like his work in physics was. Albert Einstein was a great political activist and he was one of the best humanitarian known to mankind. Bibliography Albert Einstein Biographical. 25 Mar. 2014 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html>. Albert Einstein, Radical: A Political Profile. Monthly Review. 25 Mar. 2014 http://monthlyreview.org/2005/05/01/albert-einstein-radical-a-political-profile>. Albert Einstein, Was Einstein a Zionist? 25 Mar. 2014 http://www.zionism-israel.com/ezine/Einstein_and_Zionism.htm>. Avogadros number. 25 Mar. 2014 http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Avogadros_number#Estimates_from_liquid_solutions>. Butcher, Sandra Ionna. The origins of the Russell-Einstein Manifesto. Washington, DC: Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, 2005. Calaprice, Alice, and Trevor Lipscombe. Albert Einstein: A biography. Westport, CT: Greenwood P, 2005. Gewertz, Ken. Albert Einstein, Civil Rights activist. Harvard Gazette. 25 Mar. 2014 http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2007/04/albert-einstein-civil-rights-activist/>. Isaacson, Walter. Einstein: His life and universe. New York: Simon Schuster, 2007. 404. Rhodes, Richard. The making of the atomic bomb. New York: Simon Schuster, 1986. 307-14. Scientist Tells of Einsteins A-bomb Regrets. The Philadelphia Bulletin. 24 Mar. 2014 http://web.archive.org/web/20061108075927/http://virtor.bar.admin.ch/pdf/ausstellung_einstein_fr/der_pazifist/A-Bomb_Regrets.pdf>. Stachel, John J. Einstein from B to Z Boston: BirkhaÃÅ'ˆuser, 2002. Albert Einstein on the McCarthy hearings and the Fifth Amendment, 1953. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. 25 Mar. 2014 https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/fifties/resources/albert-einstein-mccarthy-hearings-and-fifth-amendment-1953>.

Eighties Cyberpunk :: Science Fiction Literature Essays Papers

Eighties Cyberpunk In the early 1980's, cyberpunk was used as a label to describe a new form of science fiction written by a group of five writers, which challenged the traditional genres associated with science fiction (Shiner, 7). SF used highly imaginative ideas to project scientific phenomenas, resulting in dreamy, stylized stories of space colonies and flying space crafts. This new science fiction was different, because it incorporated present global, social and technological situations to help induce the future of the world. It generated new outcomes for the future's high technological, society and global environment that would help categorize it into a specific form of writing known as cyberpunk. William Gibson, one of the five writers associated with the cyberpunk genre, is credited by critics and peers for typifying the cyberpunk writing form in his popular novel Neuromancer. Bruce Sterling, Rudy Rucker, John Shirley and Lewis Shiner, the other four writers who helped launch the movement, agree that Gibson's Neuromancer influenced the categorization of the new science fiction as cyberpunk. Therefore, Gibson's novel can be used as a reliable source for defining the cyberpunk genre. With this in mind, we can analyze the high-technology used in Neuromancer and its importance to the cyberpunk form of writing. Gibson creates an advanced technological machine called Flatline's construct, which is a "hardwired ROM cassette replicating a dead man's skills, obsessions, knee jerk responses" (Gibson, 20). This futuristic device that brings back human personalities from the dead, can be viewed as a result of the present fascination with bringing dead people back to life. This fascination is evident in hospital emergency rooms and in game boards like the Ouija board. Both examples are similar the use of he Flatline's construct, in the sense that all three bring life back to the dead. This incorporation of high-technology with society's present interests in mind, is a frequent form recognizable in Neuromancer and in the cyberpunk fiction of Sterling, Rucker, Shirley and Lewis. A common element of genuine cyberpunk writing found in Neuromancer, is Gibson's depiction of the futuristic society and the people who live in it. Once again, Gibson uses the present issues of government and nuclear tension to predict society's future. In Neuromancer, this results in a world ruined by nuclear war. However, the people living in the society continue to survive in the world for personal benefit, or just for the sake of living. Gibson shows an example of this with his characters in Neuromancer. Eighties Cyberpunk :: Science Fiction Literature Essays Papers Eighties Cyberpunk In the early 1980's, cyberpunk was used as a label to describe a new form of science fiction written by a group of five writers, which challenged the traditional genres associated with science fiction (Shiner, 7). SF used highly imaginative ideas to project scientific phenomenas, resulting in dreamy, stylized stories of space colonies and flying space crafts. This new science fiction was different, because it incorporated present global, social and technological situations to help induce the future of the world. It generated new outcomes for the future's high technological, society and global environment that would help categorize it into a specific form of writing known as cyberpunk. William Gibson, one of the five writers associated with the cyberpunk genre, is credited by critics and peers for typifying the cyberpunk writing form in his popular novel Neuromancer. Bruce Sterling, Rudy Rucker, John Shirley and Lewis Shiner, the other four writers who helped launch the movement, agree that Gibson's Neuromancer influenced the categorization of the new science fiction as cyberpunk. Therefore, Gibson's novel can be used as a reliable source for defining the cyberpunk genre. With this in mind, we can analyze the high-technology used in Neuromancer and its importance to the cyberpunk form of writing. Gibson creates an advanced technological machine called Flatline's construct, which is a "hardwired ROM cassette replicating a dead man's skills, obsessions, knee jerk responses" (Gibson, 20). This futuristic device that brings back human personalities from the dead, can be viewed as a result of the present fascination with bringing dead people back to life. This fascination is evident in hospital emergency rooms and in game boards like the Ouija board. Both examples are similar the use of he Flatline's construct, in the sense that all three bring life back to the dead. This incorporation of high-technology with society's present interests in mind, is a frequent form recognizable in Neuromancer and in the cyberpunk fiction of Sterling, Rucker, Shirley and Lewis. A common element of genuine cyberpunk writing found in Neuromancer, is Gibson's depiction of the futuristic society and the people who live in it. Once again, Gibson uses the present issues of government and nuclear tension to predict society's future. In Neuromancer, this results in a world ruined by nuclear war. However, the people living in the society continue to survive in the world for personal benefit, or just for the sake of living. Gibson shows an example of this with his characters in Neuromancer.

Writing Persuasive or Argumentative Essays :: Writing an Essay

Everyone needs to know how to write a persuasive essay. It's actually not as difficult as it seems. Give yourself time. Trying to cram an entire 5 paragraph persuasive essay within 100 minutes is not a good idea. Allow yourself enough time to brainstorm, write, and proofread. Put as much effort into your paper as you can in the time period you are given, including the steps below. Brainstorm. Writing a persuasive essay is very much like writing an ordinary paper. Of course, before you begin, you have to come up with a good solid view, a foundation which you can base your entire paper on. It's best if you pick a topic which you strongly believe in. That way, you can defend your ideas better and make your paper sound a lot more convincing. The case that you are making needs to have enough depth and be worthy of support. You might want to consider opposing viewpoints to make it easier for you to realize how opposing people think. First Paragraph. This has to be your paragraph that draws attention to your essay. Start with something like: [What is a good pet? Although there are many different kinds of pets to choose from, I think that the feline cat is the best choice of a pet. A cat is an excellent choice of pet because it is easy to handle, doesn't cause trouble, and is friendly.] Start out with something that draws the reader's attention. Then, state clearly what you are going to pick (in this case, a cat). Finally, list your reasons. Start off your essay by stating your views. Don't get too specific. Leave the details for later. Just lay out your main idea and opinion. Your first sentence should be a thesis sentence, and have the basic ideas that encompasses all that you will say in the rest of the essay. You will need a paragraph supporting your idea, and a paragraph for people who oppose your idea. E.G. Cats are good pets because they don't lubricate all over the house. A sentence for the people who oppose your idea is: Even though cats bite a lot, you can control this by training it. See how you can get an answer to an opposition. This is needed. Make body paragraphs. At minimum, write three paragraphs for the body of the essay. Each paragraph should cover a main point to back up your argument and idea.

Analyse Obamas Speech Back to School Essay

Essay: Barack Obama ´s speech †Back to School† A good education is important for the society. If you have a good education, you can get out of poverty and break the social heritage and thereby help yourself and the society. This is some of the things Barack Obama enters in his speech. The speech was given at Wakefield High School in Arlington, Virginia on September the 8th in 2009. The sender is Barrack Obama – the president of the United States of America. He gives the speech to students in connection with the beginning of the new school year. The intention with the speech is to get the students to take responsibility for their education, themself and take school seriously. The Presidents message to the students is that a good education is as important for their own future as for the future of the nation. The speech is composed in a classic way! First comes the opening. â€Å"Hello everyone – how’s everybody doing today?†(P.1 l.1) Here Obama already tries to get at the same level as his audience, despite his status. Then he tells some background information’s about his own childhood and schooling. Then all the argumentation comes and he makes it clear what the point of the speech is. At the end he sums up the main points, and makes the importance of an education quite clear for the students. This â€Å"construction† makes it really easy to follow and understand the speech and this is very impotent, when he is addressing the speech to younger people. All along Obama don’t speak academically; he is really trying to reach the young audience. Obama makes good use of the classic Appeal form in his speech. He uses among other ethos that combined with his presidency gives reliability. Pathos he use, when he gives examples from his or Michelle Obamaâ €™s own childhood. Such as in line 76-78 â€Å"Neither of her parents had gone to college, and they didn’t have much. But they worked hard, and she worked hard, so that she could go to the best schools in this country.† He appeals to their feelings by saying that she came from hard conditions, but despite this she did well. It is the good example he gives. On page 3-4, he gives examples of a girl who could not speak English, when she started school. And a boy with brain cancer, and a girl that grew up in one of the toughest neighborhoods. But because they fought for what they wanted, they managed well. He tries through the good examples to say that you can break the social heritage and that everything is possible. Obama uses logos during the entire speech as he appeals to common sense with his audience. Like when he in line 49 says that â€Å"You can ´t drop out of school and just drop into a good job. You’ve got to work for it and train for it and learn for it.† When he says that you must have an education to get a good job and that you have to work for it. This is already something people know, he just confirms it! Throughout the entire speech he repeats two words again and again in the beginning of a sentence: †I know†¦ † and â€Å"I expect †¦Ã¢â‚¬ . He use â€Å"I know† when he is refe rring to his own life; a pathos speech construction. He use â€Å"I expect† when he use logos and this gives his words more substance, because you get really focused on the things that are repeated. So those two examples are used to get the audience to really understand his messages and what he expects. But also that he have been in the same place as them, so he knows their feelings. Obama is in his speech talking a lot about responsibility. He is talking about, that teachers, parents and the government have a responsibility to support and help the students to get an education. But it will not make a difference, for as he says, â€Å"you as a student do not take responsibility, for your own education†. With this he puts a lot of pressure on each student and this does not help when he in line 166 says â€Å"don’t let us down- don’t let your family or your country or yourself down†. There is a lot of pressure in this because he almost gives them the responsibility for an entire country. He encourages them however by saying that â€Å"Every single one of you has something you’re good at† (l.36). And, that no matter what goal they set themselves in life, they must work hard for it, because not everybody succeeds on the first try. This he supports by giving examples of famous people like JK Rowling and Michael Jordan who have failed many times before they succeed. He uses a quote by Jordan in line 130 â€Å"I have failed over and over and over again in my life. And that is why I succeed.† He recognizes that some people have it worse than others because of their financial status, their looks or ethnicity, but â€Å"That’s no excuse for not trying† (line 86-87); a value typical for Americans. Obama is also talking about the American dream, which is based on the idea that you can ​​create your own happiness and future, captured in line 89 â€Å"Here in America, you write your own destiny. You make your own future.† Like the American frontiers from the early 20th century, where every man had a dream about starting a new and better life. Obama’s intention with this speech has been to convince and motivate the students to stay in school and work hard for an education, because this is so important for their future. The intentions have also been to encourage the students to take action, take school seriously and take responsibility for their education. By using different rhetorical techniques such as repetition, appealing to the emotional, using a line of questions and leveling himself with the audience, he achieves some very convincing arguments. He is addressing himself to his young audience with empathy, and reveals his own story to them which helps making the distance between him and his audience smaller. I think Obama has made a fantastic and inspiring speech. A speech that is extremely well composed to the audience, using ethos, pathos and logos in a brilliant way, securing that his messages and the mission with his speech comes out in a very motivating way, even today! I also believe that Obama is very well aware that his speech is public and not only for the student audience, in the way that he appeals to all, the students, parents, the government and the entire nation.